What primarily determines the depth of a landfill?

The depth of a landfill is primarily influenced by the location of bedrock and seasonal high groundwater. In landfill design and operation, engineers must assess the geological and hydrological conditions of the site. Bedrock can serve as a natural barrier that limits how deep a landfill can be excavated. If the bedrock is located close to the surface, it restricts the depth and therefore the overall capacity of the landfill.

Similarly, the seasonal high groundwater table is crucial because landfills must be constructed above this level to prevent groundwater contamination and to ensure that leachate does not interfere with the natural water systems. If the landfill were to penetrate into the level of high groundwater, it could lead to significant environmental issues, including pollution of water supplies. Consequently, the interplay between these geological factors largely dictates how deep the landfill can safely be built while adhering to environmental regulations and protecting public health.